Jan 4, 2022 · In the Bible, Babylon is mentioned from Genesis to Revelation, as it rises from its rebellious beginnings to become a symbol of the Antichrist’s evil world system. and first came to prominence as the royal city of King Hammurabi. Babylon was at its height during the seventh and sixth centuries B. Steeped in the philosophical traditions of Western dualism, we often view magic in a binary relation to religion, yet no such distinction existed in Mesopotamia. These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition. After having employed for several centuries an indigenous script patterned after cuneiform writing, Elam adopted Mesopotamian script during Jul 11, 2024 · The Ishtar Gate was more than 38 feet (12 metres) high and was decorated with glazed brick reliefs, in tiers, of dragons and young bulls. 1792–1750 B. The birthplace of many scientific achievements, engineering feats and other discoveries that would impact humanity for centuries, Babylon Feb 22, 2023 · The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. “The most commonly accepted theory holds that two earlier peoples merged and formed the Sumerians,” USA Today reported. Enuma elish, ancient Mesopotamian creation epic that tells the tale of Marduk, the chief god of the city of Babylon. Sep 27, 2020 · Neo-Babylonian Culture. Abandonment of the national religion as an outcome of the disaster is recorded of only a minority. This community more or less thrived. During that time, most of Mesopotamia was made up of Sumerian city-states. com. 99. by the Hittite king Mursili I, and Babylonia was turned over to the Kassites (Kossaeans) from the mountains of Iran , with whom Samsu Neo-Babylonian Culture. However, Gilgamesh's is Babylonia, Ancient cultural region of the Tigris and Euphrates river system. By 620 BC many elements within Babylonia had enough with the Assyrian rulers. Up to this point, Genesis 1 was unique. Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of modern day Baghdad. This king list covers a period of about 1,000 years, beginning with the kings of Babylon after the accession of Nabonassar in 747 bc. May 11, 2023 · The Babylonian people were an ancient culture that arose around 1894 BCE in the Mesopotamian area of modern-day Iraq. The Babylonians, Macmillan, 1988, is, despite its name, a comprehensive and scholarly coverage of ancient Mesopotamian civilization up to the end of the Neo-Babylonian empire in the 6th century BC. ” An Old Babylonian clay plaque on display at The Israel Museum depicts a couple Jul 19, 2018 · Urban Babylonian scribal schools could have served as a—perhaps the—primary locus for contact between Mesopotamian and Judean scribes and the transmission of cultural literacy. The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated; there is a Babylonian King List A [1] and also a Babylonian King List History of Mesopotamia - Akkad, Sumer, Babylon: Under Akkad, the Akkadian language acquired a literary prestige that made it the equal of Sumerian. The Babylonian calendar was based on lunar cycles and observed the moon’s phases to determine the length of a month. 605/604-562 BCE) commissioned one of the most famous architectural structures from Mesopotamia c. In contrast, Babylonians excelled in arts, mathematics, and astronomy, contributing significantly to cultural and scientific developments. Jan 1, 2008 · 1. In 1740 BCE in Babylonia, students went back to school after a holiday. In the art of the Neo-Babylonian Empire we see an effort to invoke the styles and iconography of the 3rd millennium rulers of Babylonia. It is known perhaps best from the accounts of its second king, Nebuchadnezzar II, in the Hebrew Bible and for the role it played in the Babylonian captivity. Now, we have a previously unknown Babylonian myth that is strikingly similar to Scripture. Young pupils learned to read and write the complex cuneiform script, while more advanced students studied topics The Babylonian Empire. Rather than large institutional fields, smaller fields could now be owned by regular people. Babylonia is most well known for its capital city which exerted tremendous cultural, intellectual and artistic influences on the rest of the ancient world. History >> Ancient Mesopotamia. There were hardly any big trees that they could use to effectively make beams in the construction of buildings. The title of the poem comes from the first line of the work Nov 9, 2009 · Hammurabi . Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the Akkadian-speaking region of Babylonia. Under the reign of Hammurabi's dynasty (that is called the First Dynasty of Babylon), which lasted about 200 years, Babylonia entered into a period of extreme prosperity and relative peace. [16] Daniel 1:3-4 depicts such an encounter, as it narrates how Daniel and his friends were prepared to serve in Nebuchadnezzar’s court: Jun 14, 2018 · Agnete Lassen, associate curator of the Yale Babylonian Collection, and Chelsea Alene Graham, digital imaging specialist at the Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, were part of the team that painstakingly recreated — step by step — three stews from one of the tablets as closely as possible to how they would have been Jun 6, 2024 · The Neo-Babylonian empire was an ancient kingdom that stretched from Palestine to Persia. Babylon’s Hanging Garden. The books of the Old Testament recount the exile of the Jews to Babylon following the sack of Jerusalem, by whose waters they “sat down and wept. Article contributed by www. 5 days ago · Judaism - Babylonian Exile, Diaspora, Torah: The survival of the religious community of exiles in Babylonia demonstrates how rooted and widespread the religion of YHWH was. The Babylonians were able to calculate the length of a year with impressive accuracy, considering their limited tools The late Babylonian Empire controlled the Fertile Crescent, including most of modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. A terracotta plaque ( 32. Fragments of epics have been found concerning several kings including Sargon of Agade (ruled 2334 to 2279 BCE), Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon (1125–1104 BCE), and Nabopolassar of Babylon (626–605 BCE). Historical elements in the formation of the Babylonian Empire. ), it can be difficult to grasp Mesopotamian magic as a cultural concept. Learn about the extent and influence of Babylonian culture in art, architecture, astronomy, medicine, literature, and philosophy. 1750 bce) was the sixth and best-known ruler of the 1st (Amorite) dynasty of Babylon (reigning c. Nov 21, 2023 · The Neo Babylonian Empire, or Chaldean Empire, was a political entity centered in the city of Babylon. Ancient Babylonia – The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel (Or Babel), by 19th-century illustrator William Simpson – influenced by early archaeological investigations. Both the cultural background of earlier periods in southern Mesopotamia and the parallel history of Babylonia’s northern neighbor, Assyria, are intimately linked and highly relevant to Babylonian cultural practices of all kinds. The Neo-Babylonian period is The Babylonian calendar system organizes a year into twelve months, each with its own distinct characteristics and cultural significance. Mesopotamian religion, beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians, who inhabited ancient Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) in the millennia before the Christian era. The Babylonian people, a prominent ancient civilization, have left a lasting impact on the history of the world through their complex belief system, vibrant mythology, and intricate rituals. 2) shows a Mesopotamian king of this period in heroic pose, while finely made gold jewelry incorporating 4. While no one believes the Enuma Elish literally anymore, many people believe in its basic assumption--that violence Jun 17, 2024 · Ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 BCE, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BCE. Instead, it was the product of many different traditions, mixed together over thousands of years. Although this calendar system was not accurate in terms of the solar year, it had a significant impact on astrological predictions and cultural implications. C. , and again under nebuchadrez zar and the other kings of the Neo Aug 4, 2021 · The nature of land ownership changed during the Old Babylonian period, between 1900 and 1600 BCE. He defeats the elder goddess Tiamat and brings order to chaos and thus becomes the Lord of the Gods of Heaven and Earth. Under the influence, perhaps, of an Akkadian garrison at Susa, it spread beyond the borders of Mesopotamia. It rose to political dominance under hammurabi (hammurapi) in the 18th century b. , when it was perhaps the largest city in the world. Hierarchy and religion were also major governing factors that Babylonians used to define their social and cultural practices. Dec 26, 2023 · The Ishtar Gate. A revolution began and soon spread to nearly every city and city-state within the civilization except some in the north that remained loyal to Assyria. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. #3. Neo-Babylonian Culture. 161. The resurgence of Babylonian culture in the 7th and 6th century BCE resulted in a number of developments. He established control over many other kingdoms stretching from the Persian Gulf to Syria. Nebuchadnezzar II built the famous hanging garden for his queen to remind her of the fields and hills of her homeland. The book under investigation here is the Babylonian Talmud (henceforth “the Talmud”), a text that offers no or lacunose information as to how it was composed, by whom, or why. Looking back, Babylonians’ clothing was awesomely tailored based on the region’s culture. The Pergamon Museum in Berlin is now its home. This system simplified the calculating and recording of unusually great and small numbers. The text itself belongs to the period of the Roman Empire and was written by a Greek astronomer resident in Dec 17, 2023 · Key Differences. The empire was founded in the city of Babylon, which functioned as the Babylonian Empire’s capital for much of its existence. c. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. [1] Neo-Babylonian Culture. Lunar eclipses were significant events in Babylonian culture and were used to make predictions and as omens. The city's association with one of the seven wonders of the ancient world—the Hanging Gardens—has also inspired artistic, popular and religious culture on a global scale. The last king of the dynasty was Samsu-Ditana, son of Ammisaduqa. Finally, that the Babylonian Talmud’s redaction was largely independent of Jul 12, 2024 · Hammurabi (born, Babylon [now in Iraq]—died c. The specifically political events in Mesopotamia after the flourishing of the archaic culture of Uruk cannot be pinpointed. The Neo-Babylonian rulers were motivated by the antiquity of their heritage and followed a traditionalist cultural policy, based on the ancient Sumero-Akkadian culture. Kindle Edition. The city of Babylon was established by King Hammurabi in 1792 BC and Jul 27, 2018 · Martin Heemskerck (Public Domain) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were the fabled gardens which beautified the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. Gilgamesh features in several Sumerian poems but is world-famous from the Mesopotamian May 25, 2021 · More facts about ancient Babylonia and its achievements. It was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, with additional days added as intercalary months. This comprehensive overview of Babylonian history, society and culture—which adheres to the middle chronology and strays relatively little into discussions of other, overlapping Mesopotamian cultural phases—is organized topically into chapters on the natural setting and perceptions of world as revealed in cuneiform writings, political history, socioeconomic organization and institutions Neo-Babylonian Culture. Aug 10, 2023 · Babylonian culture was reliant on the mythology and symbolic teachings from the old society of King Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar I, which saw the introduction of hybrid cosmic beings and mention of supernatural creatures. ) was able to unite a large state under his rule. King Hammurabi. 575 BCE, the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, and the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus (r. Babylonian art and architecture are inseparable from other Mesopotamian studies. The numeral system used, sexagesimal, was based on sixty, as opposed to ten in the modern decimal system. 1792–50 bce ), Babylonia gained regional hegemony, but it declined after Cultures > Babylonia > Neo-Babylonian Empire. 1894–1595 BC, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period. Babylonian Tablets. The lunar phases played a crucial role in determining the start and end of each month. Irving Finkel. With relation to the last point, we may also notice that there is no warrant that Old Babylonian mathematics, as a body of knowledge, was the result of the sole efforts of the edubas. Jan 11, 2017 · Ancient Babylonian Civilization. Seat of successive empires, under rulers such as Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon represents the expression of the creativity of the Neo-Babylonian Empire at its height. This gate stands out as a fine piece of ancient Babylonian architecture. To this land under Sumerian control, Semitic groups like the Akkadians and the Amorites arrived, coming from a country called Martu. Neo-Babylonian Empire Background. From its renowned Hanging Gardens to its vast library of clay tablets, Babylon has left a lasting impression on our collective past. His family was descended from the Amorites, a Sep 27, 2020 · After a protracted, unresolved struggle over decades with the Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan, Hammurabi forced his successor, Mut-Ashkur, to pay tribute to Babylon c. 1 offer from $3. In astronomy, a new approach was developed, based on the philosophy of the ideal nature of the early universe, and an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. 1894 to 1595 B. By contrast, the Genesis story reflects the belief that love, not violence, is what brings goodness out of chaos. It was the last Mesopotamian state that was ruled by a native dynasty and lasted from 626 BCE Assyrian culture and literature came from Babylonia, but even here there was a difference between the two countries. , A cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, Andromeda, 1990, is a superbly illustrated and highly informative introduction Feb 2, 2002 · The Enuma Elish reflects a basic belief held by Babylonian culture: only violence can bring order out of chaos. This led to the “Bible and Babel” controversy (“Babel” is Hebrew for Babylon). The Assyrian empire, centered around cities like Jan 2, 2024 · Babylon was not really the expression of one culture, in the way that Paris is a French city. The region that hosted the ancient Babylonian civilization was known as Mesopotamia. Deities and their Personalities Jul 4, 2024 · Get an answer for 'Insights into Babylonian socio-economic structure, society, and values based on Hammurabi's Code' and find homework help for other History questions at eNotes The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. The First Ghosts: A rich history of ancient ghosts and ghost stories from the British Museum curator. Other cities of the kingdom also benefited greatly during his reign, especially in their material development. The first chapter of Daniel is a beautifully written, moving story of the early days of Daniel and his companions in Babylon. , found a statue of Sargon of Akkad, set it in a temple and provided it with regular offerings. walvoord. The area was divided into Sumer (southeast) and Akkad (northwest) when the first Babylonian line of Amorite kings took power after 2000 bce. when, through a combination of political alliances and military campaigns, Hammurabi (r. ‘Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon’ re-creates Nebuchadnezzar’s royal capital using evidence from the archaeological record. Not until about 2700 bce does the first historical personality appear—historical because his name, Enmebaragesi (Me-baragesi), was preserved in later tradition. Moreover, it sets the tone as essentially the history of Nov 30, 2017 · Babylonian culture is considered to have ended under Persian rule, following a slow decline of use in cuneiform and other cultural hallmarks. Living since 129 BCE under Parthian rule, a loosely knit semi-feudal state, it was able to develop its autonomous institutions with little interference from the royal government. Stones were, of course, scarce but there was an abundance of mud and clay. E. Mar 6, 2024 · Second, that the cultural context in which the Talmud took shape was largely a Sassanian Persian one. Babylonian Culture and Tablets. Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and being firmly established through the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire in Babylon rose to prominence in the eighteenth century B. Under Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon reached the height of its cultural, intellectual, and material splendour. You may have ideas why they frequently wore large wigs. Apr 22, 2024 · Here is a list of the top 13 most fascinating facts about the ancient Babylonian civilization: Contents show. . From the 9th century BCE the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia posed as protectors of Babylon, for which they had an enduring and genuine reverence as the cultural and spiritual center of Mesopotamian civilization. 39. The Rebuilt city of Babylon today from the US Navy. In fact, one Neo-Babylonian king, Nabonidus. Jul 8, 2024 · The Babylonian Empire, also known as Babylonia, was an ancient Semitic state and cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia - known today as the country of Iraq. Hammurabi was the sixth king in the Babylonian dynasty, which ruled in central Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) from c. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. 883–539 B. (190) The story, then, can be read not only as a grand tale of the triumph of order over chaos and light over darkness but as a parable of the rise of Babylon and Babylonian culture over the old Sumerian model of Trade and culture thrived for 150 years, until the fall of Babylon in 1595 B. Yet to historians and archaeologists, Babylon is a real bricks-and-mortar place at the center of the vibrant Mesopotamian culture that it dominated for so many centuries. They also invented beer, which facilitated Babylonian Mythology. It was evident that both men and women in the past sported wigs to show their social status in a highly competitive Babylonian society. Largely because of the efforts of Hammurabi (r. 1. The king of Babylonia Sargon I, however, was of Marduk, the chief god of the city of Babylon. The British Museum holds one of the iconic artworks of this period Dec 15, 2022 · Gilgamesh is the semi-mythic King of Uruk best known as the hero of The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. This period, which actually begins in 597 but is traditionally dated at 586, is called the Exile in Jewish history; it ends with an accident in 538 when the Persians overthrow the Babylonia is the Greek name of what the inhabitants knew as Mât Akkadî, the fertile alluvial plain between the Euphrates and Tigris. Babylonian Clothing and Culture. The mentioned factors help us understand, rather, the structural relations that supported mathematics in Old Babylonian culture and not its implementation details. ), when the city of Babylon first gained prominence in Mesopotamia, and others, like Wilfred Lambert, date it to the time of Nebuchadrezzar I (end of the second millennium), when Babylon was again in ascendancy and the statue of Marduk Oct 13, 2022 · Neo-Babylonian Culture. Jun 13, 2024 · Sites associated with ancient Mesopotamian history. Jun 8, 2018 · A richly fertile land, Babylonia was the site of the earliest civilization known, that of the Sumerians, and remained a cultural center of the Near East throughout the pre-Christian period. 1 offer from $19. . This was the heartland of the Babylonian Empire, which dominated the ancient Near East between the fall of the Assyrian empire (612 BCE) and the rise of the Achaemenid Empire (after 539). Among the topics explored in this broad-ranging work are the Neo-Babylonian Culture. Scholars have disagreed over the date of the composition. Through the gatehouse ran a stone- and brick-paved avenue, called the Processional Way, that has been traced over a length of Jun 29, 2022 · Introduction. Babylon's Golden Age. There were some cries of despair, but the persistence of prophecy among the exiles shows that their religious vitality had Two thousand years after the end of the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires (ca. This event indicates the decline and fall of the Third Babylon is occupied by the Assyrians for a relatively long period and conflict and instability continued also later when the Chaldeans came to conquer the cities of Babylon, emerging then what is known as Chaldean or neo-Babylonian dynasty, this is considered the latter splendor of the Babylon culture. Jul 3, 2019 · Babylonian math has roots in the numeric system started by the Sumerians, a culture that began about 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, or southern Iraq, according to USA Today. Jan 2, 2024 · Babylon has resonated in Judeo-Christian culture for centuries. Sep 23, 2005 · The Culture of the Babylonian Talmud explores the cultural world of these Babylonian rabbis and their students through the prism of the stories they included in the Bavli, showing how their presentation of earlier rabbinic teachings was influenced by their own values and practices. It rose to power after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian empire and fell to the Achaemenian Empire under Cyrus the Great. 1792–1750 bce ), noted for his surviving set of laws, once considered the oldest promulgation of laws in human history. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and the earlier deportees found themselves without a homeland, without a state, and without a nation. This ancient calendar was primarily lunar-based, with each month beginning at the first sighting of the new moon. ” By the time of the New Testament, the city had become a potent symbol: the corrupt earthly twin city to the pure, heavenly New First historical personalities. Nov 21, 2023 · The style within Babylonian art reflects the artists' devotion to quality construction as well as a deep understanding of the region's cultural and religious fervor. c. Ancient artworks from the Old-Babylonian period were painstakingly restored and preserved, and treated with a respect verging on religious reverence. Abstract. The first written mention of Babylonia's famous capital city, Babylon, dates to about 3800 B. Explore the key points, terms, and examples of Babylonian achievements and contributions to human knowledge. The gate itself was a double one, and on its south side was a vast antechamber. They invented the first writing system, cuneiform writings on clay tablets to facilitate trade in Mesopotamia. Nearly two-thousand years before Yeshua was born, a small state ruled by the Amorites emerged which contained a small city called Babylon. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, they are the only wonder whose existence is disputed amongst historians. Timeline: Transfers of The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to c. Jan 17, 2014 · The Babylonians, Assante writes, held “an exalted cultural view of sex as inducing an altered state of wonder. Babylonia under Hammurabi. At the time, many scholars thought that the author of Genesis 1 borrowed material from Enuma Elish. Chronology - Babylonian, Assyrian, Dating: The source from which the exploration of Mesopotamian chronology started is a text called Ptolemy’s Canon. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. 556-539 BCE), restored the Ziggurat of Ur and many other structures in the region that had fallen into ruin or disrepair. King Nebuchadnezzar II built the Ishtar Gate in 575 BCE. Babylon was located in what is currently the region of Iraq. Roaf, M. The city of Babylon on the river Euphrates in southern Iraq is mentioned in documents of the late third millennium B. Some, like Thorkild Jacobsen, put it in the Old Babylonian period (early second millennium B. Second Temple - 5th century CE) There was a group of Jews who never left Babylonia after the Babylonian Exile in the 6th century BCE. Its rulers established two important empires in antiquity, the 19th Aug 20, 2019 · Gilgamesh in Modern Culture The epic of Gilgamesh is not the only Mesopotamian epic about a half-human, half-god king. The Babylonians developed a calendar based on a 360-day year. From Sumerians and Babylonians we learned to use the sexagesimal system, based on number 60 (for instance, 1 hour = 60 minutes). They gathered from across the neighborhood in a modest house in Nippur, a Mesopotamian city in present-day southern Iraq. See Hammurabi, Code of. Jun 26, 2024 · Babylonian Captivity, the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the Neo-Babylonian Empire’s conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 bce. They mostly treated the Babylonian kings with great respect and campaigned against their enemies, principally the Chaldeans and the Babylonian people were very influenced by the older Sumerian culture. It is dedicated to the goddess Ishtar, an important figure in Babylonian culture. 2150-1400 BCE) the great Babylonian poem that predates Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey by 1500 years and, therefore, stands as the oldest piece of epic world literature. In Babylonia, it was of very old standing. He was overthrown following the sack of Babylon in 1595 B. When God’s people required discipline, God used the Babylonian Empire to accomplish it, but He limited Judah’s captivity to 70 years ( Jeremiah 25:11 ). #4. The captivity formally ended in 538 bce, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine. Assyrians were known for their formidable military and efficient administrative systems, central to their empire's expansion and control. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. May 4, 2018 · Understandably, therefore, Babylon might have felt - consciously or unconsciously - its victory to be in some sense patricidal. The Enûma Eliš, a creation myth epic was an original Babylonian work. 1751 BCE, thus giving Babylonia control over Assyria’s centuries-old Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor. Third, that the act of composing the Talmud occurred late in the Sassanian period (the Arab conquest of Babylonia in 634 is frequently proposed as a terminus ad quem). The characteristics of art in Babylonian culture are closely related to the construction materials that were available to them. Many Babylonian deities, myths, and religious writings are singular to that culture; for example, the uniquely Babylonian deity, Marduk, replaced Enlil as the head of the mythological pantheon. Early Life Of Daniel In Babylon. Hanging Gardens of Babylon - 19th Century Engraving. Sep 21, 2023 · September 21, 2023 – March 24, 2024. There was little in Assyrian literature that was original, and education, general in Babylonia, was mostly restricted to a single class in the northern kingdom. Like all the kings of his dynasty except his father Mar 6, 2023 · Its impact on history is undeniable, with the city having been an influential cultural and political force from the 18th to 6th century BC. Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia. Mar 30, 2023 · The Babylonian Talmud and Late Antique Book Culture explores such background information about text production and how missing information may be reconstructed. Their culture was centered around a polytheistic religion that worshiped a diverse pantheon of deities. In brief and condensed form, it records the historical setting for the entire book. 605-562 BCE). tl vv da nr cx og ci hd kp tr