Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did military, political, social, and economic factors combine to cause the fall of the western Roman empire?, Following the death of Marcus Aurelius, Pax Romana ended. 15 A pamphlet trend to natural economy. However, their large empire would eventually be their downfall. uk. Part of the reason for the fall of Rome appears to be weaknesses in the Roman economy. First, the limitation of gold and silver resources led to inflation. Initially, these Germanic tribes wanted permission to live within the empire but were not allowed. The Roman Army. Together these are known as the Five Good Emperors. That Explanations of the Roman Empire's decline and fall often cite external military threats, governmental failure and instability, people fleeing the empire due to diseases and plagues, rapid inflation, and overall moral decay. Internally the empire was failing economically. ROME. Rome is like if one thing falls apart Jul 4, 2022 · Article. These all ultimately led to the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire is believed to have fallen in 476 CE due to multiple reasons that includes economics and invasion from barbarians. Political instability was rampant, with frequent changes in leadership and power struggles. They receive a soldier’s wages in coins (candy) and participate in an auction The Roman Empire was one of the largest and most enduring in world history. The fall of the Roman Empire had far-reaching consequences that shaped the course of European history. Roman military trophies. The economy was paralyzed. The cataclysmic end of the Roman Empire in the West has tended to mask the underlying features of continuity. 4 major categories that led to fall of the Roman Empire. (Public domain) The Roman Economy and the Fall of Rome. Together with the migrations of the Slavs, these events were the formative elements of the distribution of peoples in modern Europe. But it has been the contribution of such modern scholars as Frank, Rostovtzeff, and Heichelheim to show that the symptoms and causes The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in 117 CE, under the emperor Trajan. victorious. the Roman Empire becoming largely stagnant by the mid-third century and both exterior and. There are a few major trends that Kulikowski tracks throughout the book: first, the need for and pitfalls of having multiple emperors, East and West Jan 29, 2020 · NYPL Digital Gallery. In this article, we will provide a detailed overview of the Roman Republic, including its history, its government, and its culture. (3. Their non-hereditary succession Nov 9, 2023 · Oct. Numerous scholars have sought to explain the collapse of this once great empire. There were multiple factors that contributed to its decline. Insufficient attention is given to the underlying economic problems that were the long-term causes of the empire's collapse. Gone was the solid boundary line dividing Roman civilization from what had been perceived as 'barbarism'. However, by examining the economic policies, political events and social conditions that contributed to the inflationary spiral, we can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that led to the decline and Dec 19, 2017 · The benefits of economic growth supported the political and social bargains by which the Roman empire controlled its vast territory. One of these was barbarian invasions; as the empire became weaker, it became an increasingly attractive target for barbarian tribes. They first participate in a role play to learn how debasement increased the Roman money supply and caused inflation in the Roman Empire. The poor have nothing, and the rich has everything. Students, teachers, and even famous historians around the globe speculate about the major causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. There are dozens of possible theories leading to the ultimate collapse of the once-envied civilization, but it seems that the economic reasons dominate over all Romulus Augustus in 476 AD. Diocletian. There exist many reasons regarding the fall of the Roman Empire. Corruption permeated all levels of government, from the highest officials to the lowest bureaucrats. Some historians give AD 476 as the date the empire ended. Every reason seemed to be intertwined with the other. The Romans had faced challenges before: dynastic conflict, external invasion, class violence, and–yes–famine and plague. The first three volumes (1776–81) or trilogy (as it may be called) of Gibbon’s T he Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire arrives at the ‘extinction’ (as he calls it) of the Roman Empire in its western provinces; a second trilogy (volumes iv through vi) covers a history centred on Constantinople to the capture of that city by "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. To this day, the Roman Empire is considered a notable part of human history. Some of the major factors, like inflation, are discussed elsewhere. The Antonine plague, which happened between 165 and 180 AD, was a disastrous pandemic deemed so catastrophic that many historians have argued that it was the first major event to This explanation will show how the slow erosion of both the Roman economy and military from the third-century onward fatally weakened the Western Roman Empire causing it to fall apart. This period was also marked by plague, invasions and economic depression. It lasted for more than 500 years, and during that time it grew to become one of the largest empires in history. 30-Nov. ) The empire had grown too large and couldn't be controlled from one city. The military aspect is often the first and most identifiable reason for the fall of any empire: The loss of a battle or of a war frequently defines a place and a time when one force gains the upper hand on the Jul 20, 2006 · His publications include The Goths (1996) and The Fall of the Roman Empire. Also the military, political, and Social of Rome was causing Rome to collapse. Some scholars believe that there were other contributing factors as well. The reliance on slave labor, inflation, and trade disruptions all contributed to the economic decline, while recruitment issues, barbarian invasions, and a lack of technological Mar 31, 2023 · Rome fell in 476 CE, but the Roman Empire continued in the eastern half of the empire. May 13, 2023 · The causes and effects of this period of Roman inflation, which played a key role in the fall of Rome, are complex and multifaceted. 1 day ago · Roman Empire - Expansion, Decline, Legacy: Domitian was succeeded by an elderly senator of some distinction, Marcus Cocceius Nerva (96–98). " Three museums in the city deal with the interesting question of how the enormous kingdom faded into oblivion. 18. ox. Apr 22, 2022 · The Roman Empire’s fall was caused by the Antonine plague of the 2nd century AD, which killed 30% of the population, and caused economic and military disasters. He also claimed the religion valued idle and unproductive people and also led to internal divisions. The Roman Empire was one of the largest empires in history. In three ways, so it is said, Rome excelled all ancient nations, and indeed most nations that have flourished since - in war, in law and in the art of The fall of Rome was the result of a combination of economic, social, and political problems, including government and economic corruption, financial crisis, oppressive taxation, inflation, and invasion by Germanic tribes. It is difficult to ascribe a single military reason to the fall of the Roman Empire of the West. a From this, we can in turn assess the role that the barbarian invasions had in creating a new Europe and thus their role in the fall of the Roman Empire. 6-8). Solidus depicting Constantine II, and on the reverse Victoria, one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins, gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule [1] The study of the economies of the ancient city-state of Rome and its empire during the Republican and Imperial periods remains highly speculative. To many historians, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE has always been viewed as the end of the ancient world and the onset of the Middle Ages, often improperly called the Dark Ages, despite Petrarch 's assertion. You see how the decline of the Empire started around 100 CE and the collapse was complete around 250 CE, a true Seneca Collapse, faster than the growth that preceded it. a divided empire b. The Roman Empire, once a powerful force dominating a significant portion of the ancient world, eventually faced a decline that led to its collapse. political instability d. The attacks by the Barbarian Tribes. Corruption and political instability were major factors that contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. stemmed from internal and external causes. Trade Sea routes facilitated the movement of goods around the empire. In conclusion, the fall of the Roman Empire was the result of multiple factors, namely economic decline, military weakness, and internal conflicts. "In the 4th and 5th centuries, Germanic tribes from Central and Northern Feb 17, 2011 · For many 19th and earler 20th century commentators, the fall of Rome marked the death knell of education and literacy, sophisticated architecture, advanced economic interaction, and, not least Jan 5, 2013 · Rome fell through a gradual process because poor economic policies led to a weakened military which allowed the barbarians easy access to the empire. Michael Rubin: "Sorbonne historian Alastair Northedge fleshes out this point more with the definitive essay tracing the development of Iraqi identity prior to the Ottoman trifurcation of the region" Preprint of Book chapter. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers Jun 3, 2020 · The fall of Rome and of the Western Roman Empire was a complex process driven by a combination of economic, political, military, and social factors, along with external barbarian invasions. Division of Roman Empire. the Mongols' annexation of Rome in 1200, The economic problems of unsustainable taxation and high inflation are most associated with which of the following causes of the fall of Rome? a. ) People felt little loyalty to the government. For the most part the circumstances and events that brought down the western empire did not confront the eastern empire. But there were also lesser problems with the economy of Rome that combined together to escalate financial stress. 6 was a period marked by numerous external invasions that had devastating consequences for many empires throughout history. Most shortcomings of a civilization in decline come from within rather than without. Nov 26, 2019 · From a series of Barbarian invasions to lead poisoning, this article contains the major causes of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. THE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE By Louis C. What were the social reasons for the fall of the roman empire? Many romans became lazy and luxury loving. Contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire because people became pacifists and did not want to fight. However, it ultimately fell due to a number of factors. What were some of the militray causes? Infliation, fraculent money, increased taxes and manufactoring and agriculture deacreased. The Post-Roman Economy Economic growth and prosperity is used frequently by academics in many fields in order to assess development, and this is the case with the post-Roman period as well. ) Dictatorships were ineffective and corrupt. A New History (2005). H&P is a unique collaboration between Kings College London and the Dec 16, 2021 · Today, we will be analyzing the economic phenomena of hyperinflation and how it was involved in the collapse of the Roman Empire. T HAT the later Roman empire was a period of stagnation, not to say of decline and total collapse, in the economic as in other spheres has. Out of the eight possible reasons that Historians believe caused the fall of the Roman Empire, having economic problems and overreliance of slave labor wound hurt the Roman government. The Punic Wars showcased Rome’s military strength and led to vast territorial expansion, but this growth also set the stage for future troubles. Aug 1, 2018 · Of course hungry troops were not the only cause of the demise of emperors. Jul 15, 2019 · Here are data on lead and silver pollution in Roman times from a 2017 paper by McConnell et al. E. ANCIENT. Oct 18, 2023 · Though these initiatives yielded notable achievements, the empire’s descent continued. In particular, the role of inflation, which many believe to be endemic only in modern economies, played a fairly significant role that ultimately contributed to internal problems within Rome. Students learn the concepts of money and inflation in the context of world history. Social Reasons for the Fall of the Roman empire: Co-related social aspects: religious, economic, political & military led to the collapse of Roman society. The saying "All Roads Lead to Rome" alludes to this central hub of technology, literature, culture and architecture in the ancient world. 6West, Louis C. Approximately 50,000 miles (80,000 km Apr 11, 2023 · Barbarian Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The explanations for the fall of Rome are innumerable. What ideals vanished? Patriotism, morality and service, and the hatred between poor and rich even bigger. This period of instability and upheaval, known as the "Dark Ages," saw the decline of May 24, 2024 · But the underlying crisis had been building up over a long period. Jul 23, 2020 · The English painter Thomas Cole painted Destruction to show the fall of the Roman Empire. vulnerable. Mar 5, 2024 · Given below are various reasons that could have caused the fall of the Roman Empire, as given by historians from different schools of thought: 1. He claimed the rise of Christianity contributed to the fall of Rome as it bred a ‘turn the other cheek’ mentality. Hyperinflation, soaring taxes, and worthless money created a trifecta that dissolved much of Rome’s trade. More stable boundaries led to a new focus on foreign policy. It cut off a huge income and food source and forced the empire to slowly transform into an increasingly feudal, defensive, militarized society that was slowly whithered down until Constantinople finally fell 800 years later. Oct 19, 2023 · noun. One example is the invasion of the Roman Empire by the Visigoths in 410 CE, which led to the sack of Rome and the decline of Roman power. Likely, these data are a good proxy for the whole Roman economy. Internal But it’s not just the U. The Eastern Roman Empire continued 1453 CE. (1. WEST Cleveland, Ohio Because of its effect on our modern civilization, the Roman Empire is probably the most important period of the past. Terms in this set (4) Loss of loyality dependence and tribes-barbarains, goths and huns invaded. It took place over several centuries and culminated in the deposition of the last Roman emperor in 476 CE. 9. capable of being hurt. A combination of in-fighting, disease and natural disaster served to prevent the empire from expanding, weaken it and ultimately cause its decline at various stages. The Germanic peoples originated about . Apr 12, 2018 · Article. in the publication the title was changed by the editors to "Al-Iraq al-Arabi: Iraq's greatest region in the pre-modern period", which rather changed the point being made. “The Economic Collapse of the Roman Empire. Here are some key causes: 1. With soaring logistical and admin costs and no precious metals left to plunder from enemies, the Romans levied more and more taxes against the people to sustain the Empire. D. Ancient Rome - Social, Political, Economic: Major social changes and dislocations accompanied the demographic shifts and economic development. Once the Roman economy was hopelessly ravaged by inflation, the borders of the empire were open for the Huns, Goths, and Vandals to take what they wanted. '. The destruction of capital and the cause of its fiscal practices. Over time, Roman emperors became increasingly absorbe The Roman Republic was one of the most influential and powerful empires in the world. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers Nov 21, 2023 · Corruption, the division of the empire, and invasion by Germanic tribes were the three main causes of the fall of Rome. We will also discuss some of the most important events in Roman Apr 1, 2016 · The Plague of Cyprian did not cause the fall of the Roman Empire, but it did instigate a phase of crisis that pushed the imperial system beyond the threshold of resilience. 4 political reasons why the roman empire fell. 3 – Constant Strain & Internal Affairs. Political instability: The Roman Empire faced frequent internal conflicts and power struggles among its emperors. Byzantine Empire. In conclusion, the decline of the Roman Empire from 180 AD to 337 AD was marked by economic instability, military challenges, political turmoil, religious tensions, and division. Debasing the currency was not an effective method for solving the economic problems of the Roman Empire. Jun 28, 2018 · Relentless attacks by fearsome, marauding barbarians slowly drained the economy and ended the Roman reign of prosperity. 📉. ac. The state of eer at the time of Valentinian called war, in endemic from Marcus Aurelius on, vain for "fiscal retrenchment. One of the primary causes of the decline of the Roman Empire was weak and corrupt rulers. Decay of the empire due to general malaise. land an animal, human, or government protects from intruders. 1. Spread of Christianity. adjective. collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The map of Europe in the year 500 would have been unrecognizable to anyone living a hundred years earlier. This led to increased reliance on military aid to keep local rebellions in check across different parts of this enormous empire. In 1910 Europe controlled almost the whole world—politically, financially, and militarily. One weakness may have been that the Roman Empire simply After Barbarism and Religion: A Retrospect and a Prospect . 30. While Rome prospered for more than 700 years, its demise in 476 A. Wealth poured in as they seized control of trade routes and resources, fueling inequality within Roman society. The favorable climate, in ways subtle and profound, was baked Feb 18, 2016 · The Effects. The list points to everything from taxes to hypothermia to public baths, but most likely there were many causes. They controlled much of Europe located around the Mediterranean Sea including Spain, Italy, as well as Turkey, Egypt and other North African territories. The collapse of centralized authority led to the fragmentation of the empire into a patchwork of successor states ruled by barbarian chieftains and warlords. The empire grew too large for its rulers to control effectively. The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. This weakened the central authority and made it The Roman army was an extension of the economic system; financing the military was an expensive endeavor, but the Romans saw it as a critical tool in dominating the Mediterranean. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and Oct 12, 2023 · The Crisis of the 3rd Century, also known as the Imperial Crisis, refers to a roughly 50-year period during which the Roman Empire faced a series of deep economic, military, and political challenges, from circa 235 AD to 284 AD. This event, riddled with political instability, foreign invasions Apr 23, 2024 · barbarian invasions, the movements of Germanic peoples which began before 200 bce and lasted until the early Middle Ages, destroying the Western Roman Empire in the process. While this period did not usher in the fall of the empire, it laid the The Byzantine Empire was a cause of the fall of the Roman Empire as the final sack on Rome was led by Byzantine troops. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the fall of the West in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the fall This overexpansion was one reason why Rome fell into decline. The empire emerged from the crisis transformed. The Urban Centers start to collapse. Relations between rich and poor in Rome had traditionally been structured by the bond existing between patron and client. The central goal for The Tragedy of Empire is to narrate the formation and dissolution of the distinctive Late Roman “political economy,” created by the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. When Trajan died, much of the territory he conquered in Mesopotamia was quickly lost, but from that point on, Rome’s frontiers became relatively stable. Rome ruled a vast empire for over 1,000 years. Now it’s becoming a Disneyland with real buildings and a petting zoo for the Chinese. Empire had become to big to govern; different attacks from tribes (Huns and Vandals) became hard to defend all the borders; Diseases such as Malaria; Economic Problems (Inflation and high taxes) enforced by the government to pay for the military; a series of weak and Print Worksheet. Its collapse has been blamed on a number of different reasons, but even the exact date of its end is still questioned. Other historians say that the Roman empire never actually ended Military reasons for the fall of the Roman empire. (2. Invasions by Barbarians. This article will cover the economic data of Rome in the time Mar 9, 2017 · The decline of the Roman Empire was a complex process that occurred over several centuries. Incompetent leaders, government corruption, a weak economy, and social dissolution all contributed to the downfall of Rome. The Fall Of The Roman Empire – Possible Major Causes: Political Corruption – there was never a clear-cut system for choosing a new emperor, leading the ones in power to “sell” the position to the highest bidder. Roman emperors used the extra money to keep their armies happy by paying their soldiers large bonuses. Although the Byzantine Empire lasted over a millennium, it was riddled with crises almost from the very beginning. heather@history. But in the end, there was no straining at the gates, no barbarian horde that dispatched the Roman Empire in one fell swoop. (4. Under the Republic and early empire, the External causes. Mar 2, 2020 · The Roman Empire is said to have crumpled when the German brutes toppled the last Emperor, Romulus Augustus in 476 and presented a more equitable type of government which was fleeting. First, one of the main causes of the fall of the western Roman Empire is the attack of the empire by barbarian tribes which eventually made the military forces of the Empire weak and that led to strings of military losses. —it’s Western civilization that’s in decline. Economic Stagnation in the Early Roman Empire*. In the third century, Rome’s emperors embraced harmful economic policies which led to Rome’s decline. Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire after power shifted away from a representative democracy to a centralized imperial authority, with the emperor holding the most power. Among the beloved rulers of Rome that succeeded him were Trajan (reigned 98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (161–180). These include: Poor management. In my opinion, the fall of the Empire was caused by losing Egypt, Syria, and Palaestina Prima (that whole region) to the Muslim conquest. The Classical Journal28, no. 476 CE. The invasions were a combination of military force, economic pressures, and political Aug 1, 2022 · Trier is, therefore, the perfect choice for the exhibition "The Fall of the Roman Empire. Let’s take a closer look at these. The fall of the Roman Empire was caused when there was less loyalty to Rome. His current interests include the phenomena of ethnicity and migration among the groups who dismantled the western half of the Roman Empire. Click the card to flip 👆. This increase in the money supply, however, resulted in rising prices for goods and services, or infla- tion. Fall of the Roman empire: Slave labor and price competition – Large, wealthy farm owners used slaves to work their farms The Collapse Of Rome: The Fall Of The Roman Empire. 1x. 2 (Nov 1932), 106. The external causes include invasions by barbarians and Hun pressure from the east. When it struck, the fabric of empire unwound. internal corruption c. The Roman Empire stretched too far. Economic factors are cited as a major cause of the fall of Rome. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers the hatred of the masses principally be 3. peter. What events caused the Fall of the Roman Empire? Click the card to flip 👆. ) empire divided- weakened both areas. The engineers of the Roman age created an unparalleled network of roads in ancient history. What were some of the economic reasons? crime, the gap between rich and poor people. What were the four major causes for the fall of the Western Roman Empire? Trade decreased, new land acquisition decreased, tax collection decreased, and inflation increased. Since much of the west had already fallen by the middle of the 5th century CE, when a writer speaks Feb 10, 2020 · The phrase "the Fall of Rome" suggests that some cataclysmic event ended the Roman Empire, which stretched from the British Isles to Egypt and Iraq. Edward. By the Third Century CE, the emperor Diocletian made the decision to spit 1 – Internal Strife. External, geopolitical causes for the fall of the Roman empire. then what happened?, What happened to the Roman economy and the social climate of Rome as it declined? and more. Jan 30, 2024 · Conclusion. Inflation and the Fall of the Roman Empire. Suleiman's successful military campaigns in 1530 d. According to theories of Western Rome’s collapse, the Germanic tribes were the The causes and mechanisms of the fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Sep 1, 2020 · There were many factors that contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire, all of which will be discussed throughout the video. Oct 11, 2023 · The Roman economy is a fascinating and complex subject that played a crucial role in the success and eventual decline of the Roman Empire. The fall of the Western Roman Empire can be attributed to the impact of the barbarian invasions. Simple comparison with other imperial regimes, the British empire. In this article, we'll explore the various aspects of the Roman economy, from its strengths and innovations to the The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process of decline during which the empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. long been recognized. Nov 8, 2022 · The fall of the Western Roman Empire can teach humans many things about societal collapse and regression. Instead, the Roman Empire fell slowly as a result of challenges from Nov 10, 2023 · Corruption and Political Instability. It was a multifaceted system driven by trade, currency, and economic structures. Demandt published a list of 210 reasons historians have given for the fall of the Roman Empire. Another reason of why the Roman Rome collapsed is when the aqueducts were destroyed and some of the public works. At its height, the Roman Empire thrived on a robust economy fueled by trade, agriculture, and the spoils of war. The Western Roman Empire took 300 years to decline before it eventually fell in c. Aug 13, 2020 · The fall of the Roman empire is one of the most debated questions among historians of the ancient world. interior pressures combined to pull the empire apart, culminating in 476 C. Key Takeaway: What caused the fall of the Roman Republic. Divided the Roman Empire into Western and EasternGoverned the Eastern Empire. The economic problems of unsustainable taxation and high inflation are most associated with which of the following causes of the fall of Rome? Political instability. with the final. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process of decline during which the empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. "16 is the cause of this destruction of wealth. S. Sep 22, 2023 · The internal reasons include, among other things, financial problems, the division of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire, as well as political corruption and instability. These invasions were a significant threat to the Roman Empire from the late 3rd century onwards. It’s even further down the slippery slope than the U. ”. In 1984 A. Economic troubles, military troubles, government corruption, and a decision by Diocletian. Like many empires, the decline happened gradually due to many Understanding the fall of Rome. Though Gibbon was not the first to speculate on why the empire collapsed, he was the first to give a well-researched and well-referenced The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process of decline during which the empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. There were a number of external factors that contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Jul 3, 2013 · The collapse of the western Roman empire throws into sharp relief the success of the eastern empire’s ability to function as an important state for another 1,000 years. One of the key factors contributing to this downfall was economic instability. The division of the empire into the West and East side, with capitals in Milan and Constantinople respectively, could also be another reason for the decline. Geography was an important reason for the eastern Roman economy. Political, Military, Economics, Social. Jun 23, 2020 · The economic decline became a significant catalyst for the other problems highlighted above, which eventually caused the fall of Rome (Fenner par. Some of those who try and explain the fall Odoacer conquering Rome in 476 c. In ‘The History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ‘, Edward Gibbon had a controversial theory. Historian Edward Gibbon is known for this theory of attributing the fall of the empire to general malaise. It might be easy to dismiss the lessons from Territorial development of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire (Animated map) The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in AD 1453. zw th od qk ah zs ft fv hq bi